The requirement issued Thursday by the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration applies to businesses with more than 100 employees. Their workers must be vaccinated against COVID-19 by Jan. 4 or face mask requirements and weekly tests. The lawsuits ask courts to decide whether the administration's effort to curtail the pandemic represents a federal power grab and usurps the authority of states to set health policy.
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At least 26 states filed lawsuits challenging the rule.
"This mandate is unconstitutional, unlawful, and unwise," Missouri Attorney General Eric Schmitt said in a court filing in the St. Louis-based 8th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals on behalf of 11 states.
The Biden administration has been encouraging widespread vaccinations as the quickest way out of the pandemic. A White House spokeswoman said Thursday that the mandate was intended to halt the spread of a disease that has claimed more than 750,000 lives in the U.S.
The administration says it is confident that its requirement, which includes penalties of nearly $14,000 per violation, will withstand legal challenges in part because its safety rules pre-empt state laws.
Biden on 'rock-solid' legal ground?
Seema Nanda, solicitor for the U.S. Department of Labor, said in a statement Friday that the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act gives OSHA the authority to act quickly during an emergency if it finds workers are subject to a grave danger. The agency contends its temporary rule also preempts any state or local bans on employers' ability to require vaccines.
"We are fully prepared to defend this standard in court," Nanda said.
RELATED: What to know about the new OSHA vaccine mandate
Lawrence Gostin, a professor at Georgetown University Law Center and director of the World Health Organization's center on health law, said the half-century-old law that created OSHA gives it the power to set minimum workplace safety measures.
"I think that Biden is on rock-solid legal ground," he said.
Critics have taken aim at some aspects of the requirement, including that it was adopted as an emergency measure rather than after the agency's regular rule-making process.
"This is a real emergency," said Gostin, who has spoken with the Biden administration about the requirement. "In fact, it's a national crisis. Any delay would cause thousands of deaths."
NC GOP leaders vow to fight mandate
Missouri's lawsuit was joined by the Republican attorneys general of Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Dakota, South Dakota and Wyoming. Also joining the lawsuit was the office of Iowa Attorney General Tom Miller, the only Democratic attorney general to take part in the legal challenges to the mandate.
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In a statement, Miller said he was filing at the behest of Gov. Kim Reynolds, a Republican: "It is my duty, under the law, to prosecute or defend any actions in court when requested by the governor."
Other coalitions of states also filed lawsuits Friday: Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas, Utah in the New Orleans-based 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals; Kansas, Kentucky, Idaho, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee and West Virginia in the Cincinnati-based 6th Circuit; and Alabama, Florida and Georgia in the Atlanta-based 11th Circuit.
North Carolina, with a Democratic governor and attorney general is not part of the coalition. But Republican state leaders vow to fight Biden's far-reaching order.
NC House Speaker Tim Moore's office said the mandate from the White House goes far beyond any previous guidance and called it "wholly unconstitutional" and "a violation of the freedom of all North Carolinians, employers and employees."
"The Biden vaccine mandate is a shocking invasion of medical privacy and individual liberty, and we will not stand for it," Moore said Friday. "I am exploring every legal option to defend the rights of North Carolinians against this unconstitutional mandate."
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Several businesses, associations and religious groups also joined with the states' petitions, and some filed lawsuits on their own.
Among them are a conservative media company, two Wisconsin manufacturers, companies in Michigan and Ohio, the owner of 15 grocery stores in Louisiana and Mississippi, and a group of remote workers in Texas.
"Over the past 20 months, my employees have showed up to work and served their communities in the face of COVID and hurricanes. Now I'm being told by the government to insert myself into their private health decisions?" Brandon Trosclair, owner of grocery stores that employ about 500 workers, said in a statement. "That's wrong, and I won't stand for it."
The Daily Wire media company objected on several fronts, including the idea that employers will have to track which workers have been vaccinated and treat those who have received shots differently from those who have not.
"What the government is asking us to do is discriminate against our own employee over their own personal health care decisions," said Jeremy Boreing, co-CEO of the company.
Shannon Royce, president of the Christian Employers Alliance, said the group wasn't challenging the rule out of opposition to vaccines, noting that some group members have provided incentives for employees to get the shot. Instead, they "oppose being used as a tool" of the federal government.
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Albert Mohler, president of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, said the workplace rule also changes religious organizations' relationship with their employees.
"That, I believe, is a form of government coercion - turning a religious institution into a form of government coercion that we must resist," Mohler said.
So far, courts have allowed businesses on their own to require employees to be vaccinated. But Michael Elkins, a Florida-based employment lawyer, said those decisions do not necessarily mean judges will rule the same way when it comes to the federal government's requirement.
"You may see a federal judge, or a bunch of them, say, 'This is just overreach,'" Elkins said.
'Innovative' but risky approach for Biden administration'
Benjamin Noren, a New York-based labor lawyer, said he thought the rule is likely to be struck down because OSHA was intended to deal with workplace hazards such as chemicals, not a virus. He said OSHA has made 10 emergency rules in the last five decades. Of the six that were challenged, only one survived intact.
"It's an innovative use by the Biden administration to figure out some way to mandate vaccination in the private sector," Noren said. "I hope it works. I have doubts."
Ahead of the OSHA rule, several states have passed laws or issued executive orders blocking or limiting employer mandates related to the virus.
In Arkansas, Gov. Asa Hutchinson allowed such a bill to become law without his signature. It takes effect early next year and allows employees to opt out of vaccine requirements if they are tested weekly for the virus or can prove they have COVID-19 antibodies from a previous infection. Health officials say antibody testing should not be used to assess immunity against the virus and that people who have had it should still be vaccinated.
Hutchinson, however, noted that his state's opt-out law creates a difficult scenario for businesses if both it and the federal requirement - which does not allow for antibody tests in place of vaccinations - are in effect.
"We've put our businesses in a catch-22," he said. "You're going to be violating somebody's law here."